Capgemini Consulting Report: How to prepare for quantum advantage now
At the end of March, the Capgemini Research Institute released "Quantum" after collecting input from 857 organizations, surveying 200 executives who are planning or already adopting quantum technologies, and in-depth interviews with more than 30 industry experts. Technology: How to Prepare Your Organization Now for Quantum Superiority" research paper.
Capgemini Consulting is the largest consulting firm in Europe. As one of the world's most renowned providers of management consulting, technology and outsourcing services, Capgemini currently employs more than 112,000 people in 40 countries. Headquartered in Paris, Capgemini has regional operations including North America, Northern Europe, and Asia Pacific and the Middle East.
01:The development status and trend of quantum technology
Readers who are short on time can just read this section.
1. Quantum technology is still in its early stages
Quantum technologies can manipulate electrons, photons and atoms to solve problems previously thought unsolvable and open up new opportunities.
Quantum even enables us to use some counterintuitive principles: such as superposition (the ability of a particle to be in two or more states at the same time) and entanglement (changing the state of one particle can affect another particle at great distances).
Quantum technology promises to exponentially increase the computing power of the best existing supercomputers, enable eavesdropping-proof communications, and ultra-precise and fast measurements compared to the classical systems in use today, a phenomenon commonly referred to as "quantum". advantage" (quantum advantage). This technology can bring about a sea change for companies to solve optimization, mechanical simulation and machine learning problems. In areas such as risk management, cybersecurity, logistics, scheduling operations, discovering lightweight materials or new drugs, and combating climate change, quantum could bring greater efficiencies than existing technologies.
Quantum technology is still in its early stages: organizations are still exploring proofs of principles and concepts. Most problems that can be solved using current quantum computers can also be solved faster and more economically with classical computers. Classical solutions will continue for the foreseeable future, and quantum technologies will mostly be used as a complement. In recent years, however, research progress has accelerated, and quantum technologies have begun to move out of the laboratory environment and into use.
Institutions are creating ecosystems where they collaborate and experiment to enhance their understanding of quantum technologies. For example, Airbus has been exploring the application of quantum technology for at least five years, by identifying complex problems in aircraft manufacturing, developing secure communications for aerospace platforms, or working on space-based gravimeters. In 2018, it established a quantum technology application center dedicated to solving a range of problems in the field. It worked with experts around the world to solve five problems surrounding flight physics through quantum computing in the 2019 Quantum Challenge; in 2021, it bought a stake in quantum sensing startup Q-Ctrl.
Likewise, some large organizations have entered into the development of quantum technology use cases in specific areas:
1) JPMorgan uses a hybrid classical-quantum approach to determine the optimal combination of financial assets, which it claims can scale to any size combination;
2) Volkswagen Group demonstrated the first real-time traffic routing system based on quantum computing to minimize waiting and travel times;
3) Pharmaceutical giant GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is exploring the potential scale of quantum optimization methods in future drug development;
4) Korea Gas Corporation is testing a quantum sensing-based gas safety system. It is expected to detect leaks from farther away and identify leaks with lower gas concentrations than widely used infrared systems.
While there is a lot of room for hype around quantum technology, recent breakthroughs suggest that it will reach new heights in the next few years. Some quantum technologies are already being tested/piloted, and the research aims to answer the following questions:
1) Should companies invest in quantum technology now?
2) What are the opportunities in quantum computing, communication and sensing?
3) How can companies identify potential quantum advantages?
2. Report core points
1) Few organizations have reached the early stage of implementation. Overall, 23% of organizations said they were using or planning to use quantum technology. However, many organizations have not yet reached the testing/commissioning stage. Investment in this area is on the rise, with 43% of organizations working on quantum technologies expecting them to be available for a major commercial application within the next 3-5 years.
2) Organizations that conduct experiments aim for large returns, i.e. transformative impact. Companies entering the quantum space early will benefit from greater process efficiency and enhanced security. Seven in 10 organizations in the survey said they need to integrate quantum technology into their processes now to avoid missing out due to the lengthy product development cycles required. Early leaders include energy, chemicals, automotive, aerospace, life sciences and banking. For a large enterprise with annual revenues of more than $1 billion, the amount of investment required in quantum technology is relatively small.
3) Quantum computing is only 5-10 years away from commercial applications. Organizations that have successfully conducted proof-of-concepts (PoCs) are more optimistic about achieving quantum advantage: For quantum computing, 20% believe the goal is less than five years away, compared to 13% overall. Development has accelerated, driven by investor interest, expanding use cases and technological breakthroughs. Improvements in quantum hardware, algorithms, and technology can provide higher speeds than classical technological models.
4) Quantum-safe information solutions are already available. Quantum communication provides unbreakable encryption. Quantum-secure information solutions have been commercialized in limited-scale markets. Infrastructure and software vendors, start-ups, government agencies, standards-setting bodies, and end-user organizations are coming together to form a thriving quantum communications ecosystem. Beyond that, 58% of organizations are waiting for standards to emerge before prioritizing quantum security. However, organizations can start by using demonstrated quantum encryption techniques to protect sensitive and critical information.
5) Quantum sensing has new applications and is of revolutionary significance to certain industries. More recently, many quantum sensors are emerging from laboratory settings to industrial applications. Although quantum sensing is a niche, quantum sensors can play a transformative role in: exploration or measurement of land or water in mining, construction, telecommunications, defense; GPS-free navigation in aerospace, automotive, and defense; biomedical imaging; and industrial process control and safety.
3. How can organizations prepare for quantum advantage?
How can organizations prepare for quantum advantage? The report recommends a five-step approach to taking advantage of quantum advantage as soon as it arrives.
1) Evaluate whether investing in quantum technology makes sense for the business. For example, quantum computing is advantageous for certain classes of problems, which are only carefully explored if they are part of an enterprise's business challenge;
2) Build a small team of experts. Ideally, this team is centrally organized, with a Principal Investigator reporting to the organization's R&D or Innovation Director;
3) Turn the most powerful use cases into small-scale quantum experiments. This will help assess whether there is a potential quantum advantage to be gained, as well as test your team's capabilities;
4) Establish long-term cooperative relationships with technology suppliers to overcome technical obstacles. About one-third of organizations prefer to partner with IT services/software/hardware companies with expertise in the field to establish innovation centers;
5) Develop a long-term strategy to expand the talent and skills base. Plan to develop appropriate in-house skills as the quantum program of greater scope and scale begins.
02. Countries focus on deploying quantum technology
1. Definition of Quantum Technology
The research report focuses on three major quantum technologies: quantum computing, quantum communication security, and quantum sensing. "Traditional" or "classical" computing refers to computing systems currently in use that do not exploit quantum properties.
2. Why invest in Quantum?
There are two main reasons why organizations and businesses must invest in quantum:
1) Although the technology is just getting started, its impact could be transformative. Many key quantum technologies are still in their infancy. Some projects have reached the proof-of-concept stage, but tangible, real-world advantages over existing technologies remain elusive. However, the impact of quantum could be widespread and transformative. There are many use cases across industries, from optimization to machine learning, simulation, precision sensing and safety. For businesses, this means higher speeds, instant results, more precise measurements, and more secure communications. Therefore, gaining a firm foothold in this transformative technology is important to achieve a competitive advantage over your peers. Conversely, there is no reward for waiting for technology to emerge before investing. Organizations that are taking steps say it will take at least two years of lead time to identify the right problems to solve, learn how to use technology to solve them, and build the talent base to implement technology. Most organizations are already striving to become "quantum reserves": having the resources and processes in place to test and tune the use of quantum technologies in their unique environments. Also, they are investing more resources. According to the survey, 20% of organizations and 85% of those using or planning to use quantum technology expect to increase their investment in the technology in the coming year. Nadia Haider, principal applied electromagnetics scientist at QuTech, said that now we have better control over quantum systems, which can use entanglement or superposition. The ability to actually work with this technology has multiplied exponentially, which is not only useful for basic research, but we can bring it to practical applications.
2) The progress of quantum technology is accelerating, and it is expected that there will be early applications in the next five years. Quantum technology has gained the attention of the mainstream industry. In China, the world's first integrated quantum communication network will be established in 2021, combining terrestrial optical fibers with two ground-satellite links to achieve quantum key distribution (QKD) within a range of 4,600 kilometers, providing services for banks, municipal power grids and e-government website services; a 2021 Goldman Sachs forecast states that quantum computing could begin to yield quantum advantages in real-world financial applications within the next five years.
U.S. and China lead in quantum technology-related publications: The race to advance quantum technology is heating up. The United States, China and European countries have announced substantial public funding for these technologies. They also lead in the number of publications in the field. Among the top five countries for publications on quantum technologies (2010-2020), the United States and China lead, while the United Kingdom and Germany follow.
During the 2010-2020 period, the United States led the way in publishing research papers on quantum technologies. Source: The Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, "The Big Game: Quantum Technology in America," figures have been rounded. The focus of each country is also different. The United States is strong in quantum computing, while China is leading in quantum communication. The UK's quantum technology projects mainly focus on quantum sensing technology.
Possible evolution of quantum technology/key use cases, source: Capgemini Research Institute Quantum Technology Survey
Organizations that have reached the implementation stage have been working on quantum technology for more than two years. Overall, 23% of organizations are doing or planning to do research in quantum technologies. Of these, many have not yet reached the testing/pilot stage.
Source: Capgemini Research Institute Quantum Technology Survey, N=857 organizations, November-December 2021
China and the Netherlands have the largest share of companies working or planning to work on quantum technologies, far ahead of Germany and the UK. Source: "Capgemini Research Institute Quantum Technology Survey"
Proportion of quantum technology adopters by sector. Source: "Capgemini Research Institute Quantum Technology Survey"
As shown in the graph below, 6% of organizations (out of 23% planning or researching quantum technologies) have reached the initial implementation stage. 72% of these organizations have been researching the technology for two years or more. This means that even to achieve implementation, companies need to invest time in building the foundation: learning skills, identifying problems/use cases, lab experiments, forming partnerships, and once the technology is mature enough, there is likely to be intense competition for skills or resources .
Companies with these conditions have the potential to gain an advantage over their peers. As suggested by Gopal Karemore, chief data scientist at a Danish multinational pharmaceutical company, “Some businesses think that the technology is immature now, so why should we invest? But if the technology is successful in the future, and all your Competitors started this journey long before you, so what?” Additionally, 13% of organizations (in 23% of the sample) are experimenting with the technology. Overall, 19% of organizations are planning or working to become "first movers" in quantum technology, which is 4% of the total tissue sample.
6% of organizations have launched limited-scale pilot projects or achieved early results in quantum technology. Source: "Capgemini Research Institute Quantum Technology Survey"
In the application process of quantum technology, aerospace, life sciences, energy and chemical industries are in a leading position. In the energy and chemical sectors, improving sustainability has become a common cause, with examples ranging from discovering new materials for battery manufacturing to sensing and mitigating harmful industrial gases; similarly, life sciences companies are trying to use quantum computing to shorten the drug development cycle.
One in five energy, chemicals and life sciences organizations are implementers: initiating experiments, piloting and achieving early results. Source: Capgemini Research Institute Quantum Technology Survey, N=200 institutions engaged in or planning to engage in quantum technology
The diagram below shows four key areas where quantum technologies can help improve environmental sustainability. For example, electricity production accounts for 25% of greenhouse gas emissions. Quantum computing can help increase the efficiency of solar panels or reduce the cost of their manufacture by simulating novel photovoltaic materials; similarly, manufacturing accounts for nearly 21% of total emissions, and the way to curb its environmental impact is to use quantum simulations to find The right combination of polymers to make stronger concrete.
There are four key areas where quantum technologies can help reduce carbon emissions. Quantum computing can be directly applied to optimize energy use within a business, and despite the uncertainties, computing on a quantum system can reduce overall energy consumption compared to obtaining the same output from a classical system. A quantum computer can handle complex calculations more easily, but in some cases it also requires specialized cooling equipment to maintain the quantum state; as quantum computing scales, it is not expected that the cooling requirements will scale linearly, thus Save energy-intensive computing resources. Source: Capgemini Research Institute Quantum Technology Survey, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
The report also found that perceptions of quantum technology have changed considerably. Over the past year, organizations working on quantum technologies have increased awareness, understanding and support for these technologies:
1) 60% said they had a more nuanced understanding of quantum technology;
2) 58% have obtained high-level support for the quantum plan;
3) 51% said they more clearly recognize the potential of quantum technology.
4) About 10% of organizations expect quantum technology to be available for at least one major commercial application in their business within the next three years.
10% of organizations expect quantum technology to be available for at least one major commercial application within 1-3 years, with 77% of organizations neither adopting nor planning to adopt quantum technology. Source: Capgemini Research Institute Quantum Technology Survey, N=857 companies
Implementers have the potential to achieve substantial gains with minimal investment. For large corporations, the investment required to build a quantum lab is relatively small. According to several experts we interviewed, its overall construction cost is less than $5 million. Assuming IT spending is about 2% of revenue, that's a small percentage for an organization with more than $20 billion in revenue. Companies can draw members from existing innovation labs to add new skills (e.g. quantum physicists to build a lab), access to quantum hardware can be paid per usage or per time unit like cloud computing . In the survey, 70% of organizations agreed that due to the long business product development cycle, they now need to integrate quantum technology into their processes. Some early-moving industries include life sciences, chemicals, energy, automotive, aerospace and defense.
Venture capital investments are also pouring in. Quantum technologies have attracted $3 billion in private funding through November 2021, compared with a total of $5 billion in funding since 2002. “Any company that doesn’t start this journey today risks losing any meaningful position in its industry in the next 5-10 years,” said André König, managing partner at Entanglement Capital, a venture capital firm focused on quantum technologies.
03. The application potential of quantum technology
1. Quantum computing: huge potential
Quantum computing has the greatest potential of all quantum fields, but it is also the least mature. On average, respondents to our survey believe that the first commercial quantum computing applications are still five years away. Institutions that invested early are more optimistic about achieving commercialization and quantum advantage: 20% believe that commercialization and quantum advantage are less than five years away, which is 13% of all enterprises. In other words, those organizations that were closest to the quantum showed the strongest confidence.
About 20 percent of early movers (13 percent of all organizations) expect quantum computing to be available for at least one major commercial application in less than five years. Source: Capgemini Research Institute Quantum Technology Survey, N=857 companies
Quantum hardware, algorithms and technologies are accelerating, driven by investor interest, expanding use cases and technological breakthroughs. Cautious optimism about the evolution of quantum computing is appropriate, said Peter Bordow, Wells Fargo senior vice president, chief architect for advanced technologies and head of quantum and emerging technology research and development. "Progresses and breakthroughs in the lab can take a considerable amount of time to reach commercial or production standards. Therefore, diligent research and setting expectations are necessary. However, I think the quantum advantage in some use cases, such as modeling complex systems, Financial portfolio optimization and drug development look promising over the next three to five years."
Quantum computing has the potential to solve complex business problems, as shown in the figure below, problem types include traveling salesman problem, knapsack problem, molecular simulation and protein folding, integer or prime factorization, etc.
Which problems are ripe for quantum advantage? There are several classes of problems that are complex even with today's high-performance computers. These problems are better suited for quantum computers because they can perform multiple computations in parallel. Quantum machine learning is also an important area involving problems such as classification, convolutional neural networks, generative adversarial networks, etc. It can be used to generate synthetic datasets, train self-driving cars, calculate complexity theory, classify various problem types, these different categories of problems The exact boundaries of s are still discussed and debated among mathematicians and computer scientists. As new algorithms for solving complex problems continue to emerge, so will the understanding of quantum supremacy. Source: "Capgemini Research Institute Quantum Technology Survey"
As the market environment becomes more dynamic, the problem will become more computationally intensive (i.e. harder to solve). For example, the pricing of complex derivatives: As the market moves towards more complex products, the estimates for these products depend on more criteria and the computing power gap from current high-performance computers increases.
Total Energies' scientific computing, data science and artificial intelligence research program director Philippe Cordier explains the problems they hope to solve with quantum computing. "We realized that there were some results in quantum simulation of materials: helping to discover materials that effectively capture and convert carbon dioxide. Second, we looked at optimization problems for systems, operations, mobility and offshore wind farms."
Joydip Ghosh, director of the quantum computing program at Ford Research and Advanced Engineering, said they have tried quantum computing to solve a variety of problems. "We have been trying to use quantum machine learning to solve optimization problems such as vehicle routing optimization and classification. Quantum acceleration has great potential for the automotive industry in these areas."
Solutions to the above problems translate into a wide variety of use cases in business involving combinatorial optimization (routing, scheduling, etc.) and simulation. As a result, dozens of use cases across industries have been identified and many are being tested.
Leading quantum computing use cases by industry. Source: Capgemini Research interviews and secondary research
The industries that have the potential to have a transformative impact are also those that have been active in quantum computing. The report identified the following three industries as the best fit for the high-impact, high-adoption category:
1) Financial services. Numerous opportunities for optimization exist, such as using Monte Carlo simulations (for complex, computationally intensive risk assessments such as risk assessment, financial planning, derivatives pricing, etc.). Monte Carlo simulations provide a range of possible outcomes, with probabilities attached to each outcome of an action. "Because quantum computers can manipulate the amount of data that classical computers can't do, it can lead to higher quality results because we can manipulate more data to get an accurate result. Second, we expect faster The answer allows us to adjust our strategy faster," said Eric Mely, IT program director and head of the quantum community at Societe Generale.
2) Life Sciences. Molecules have a high failure rate entering later stages of development, and promising use cases include accurately modeling drug molecules and their interactions with other organisms; optimizing the screening of target molecules to facilitate drug development. “In the design of small molecule therapeutics, there are 10⁶⁰ chemicals that can be synthesized as potential drug candidates; in addition, in the design of biologics therapeutics, there are D to the K power design scheme, D is the amino acid sequence identity, K are designable sequence positions. This computational drug design involves an astronomically large search space, beyond the capabilities of traditional classical computers. Quantum computing can help select competitors for drug substances, which may be in later stages of drug development Useful. I think design of experiments (DoE) and lead compound optimization will be the most important beneficiaries of quantum computing in drug development," advises Gopal Karemore from a Danish multinational pharmaceutical company.
3) Manufacturing (across vertical industries). This provides significant room for efficiency gains in plant operations, supply chain and materials research.
Hot industries with great potential for quantum computing applications. Sources: China Daily, Low-Depth Algorithm for Quantum Amplitude Estimation, Subverting and Accelerating Drug Discovery for Faster, More Accurate Cue Recognition, IBM and Daimler Using Quantum Computers to Develop Next Generation Battery"
Currently, hardware and algorithm constraints are being eased. Recent advances related to the major practical limitations of quantum computing (decoherence, error correction, or low qubit counts) are promising. Below are two examples of recent breaches related to these limits:
1) Decoherence. The quantum state collapses due to the qubit's interaction with the environment. To alleviate this problem, in February 2022, researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) were able to maintain the quantum state of a qubit for 10 seconds, up from a few microseconds or milliseconds previously;
2) Error correction. Adding more qubits increases the error rate of the output. To address this, in July 2021, Honeywell demonstrated the ability to detect and correct two classes of errors found in quantum computers in real time.
These constraints are all interrelated. One challenge with error correction, for example, is that it requires more qubits, which are currently limited. In addition, the topology of the qubits (how the qubits are organized and interact) also plays an important role. Quantum volume (QV), an overall metric that includes not only the number and quality of qubits, but also topology, is used to assess the capabilities of quantum computers. In December 2021, Honeywell reported a QV of 2,048 for its quantum computer, a 16-fold increase over the quantum computer it launched in October 2020.
Another challenge in developing scalable quantum computers is verifying the results produced. Because quantum computers are designed to solve problems that are difficult for classical computers to solve, solutions are correspondingly difficult to verify with traditional computers. Elham Kashefi, professor of quantum computing at the University of Edinburgh's School of Informatics, who has been researching this field for almost a decade, said, "Quantum verification will be a key factor in quantum computing. How do you verify that the output of a quantum computer is correct? We have successfully demonstrated a Validation protocol to test the ability of quantum computers to perform measurement-based quantum computing."
Once quantum computers are ready, the ability to access them securely and privately will be critical. A protocol called "Blind Quantum Computing (BQC)" developed by Professor Kashefi's team will play a key role. "BQC allows users to perform quantum computations on a quantum computer, input/output data, while the computation remains completely confidential." The technology could allow for a variety of use cases involving distributed computing, where companies can securely exchange data and use insights with other organizations As a result of the force, which can be very important to the public service and other agencies, the health care sector is of enormous importance.
Quantum computing can enhance machine learning (ML) models and even surpass it. Machine learning has a strong impact across industries, but requires enormous computing resources: energy-intensive, and potentially time-consuming. Quantum machine learning (QML) techniques aim to improve the performance of classical ML algorithms: for example, through faster algorithms, or better model representations, that yield superior performance for a given amount of training data. Other applications under investigation include neural network validation, or using QML techniques to improve model interpretability. Davide Venturelli, associate director of the Universities Space Research Association, who works at NASA's Ames Research Center, said, "One problem my collaborators at Stanford are working on is neural network validation: hypothetically in a neural network that guides the flight of a drone. , we need to make sure that certain options are blacklisted. For example, the plane is never told to turn around at a certain speed. So you verify mathematically that your neural network will never violate these safety rules. So you This problem can be projected into an optimization problem, which turns out to be very difficult. We are investigating the performance of quantum-inspired hardware or QML techniques to solve this type of problem."
QML can potentially improve the performance of ML, thereby improving applications in various industries. Like quantum computing, QML is in a nascent stage. Many of the above advantages are theoretical and require extensive research, such as how to efficiently load classical data onto quantum computers. Source: "Capgemini Research Institute Quantum Technology Survey"
Attached typical cases of enterprises adopting quantum computing
1) Interview with Wells Fargo VP and Chief Architect and Head of Quantum and Emerging Technologies: Peter Bordow
Q. Wells Fargo's vision and goals for quantum computing?
A. Our goals fall into two broad areas: quantum supremacy and quantum resilience. In terms of quantum advantage, we're looking for ways to accelerate quantum, where quantum platforms can provide more advantages than traditional computing systems. And in resiliency, we are working hard to develop our in-house skills, develop algorithms and expand our understanding of quantum computing concepts. Furthermore, we are identifying and mitigating the ultimate threats to the security field following the introduction of cryptography-related quantum computers.
Q. When do you think the application of quantum computing will be ready for commercialization?
A. You must be cautiously optimistic about these developments. Therefore, while the technology is not yet mature, breakthroughs are possible. Quantum technology is in a state where advances and breakthroughs in the lab can take a considerable amount of time to reach commercial or production standards. Therefore, you must be diligent in your research and be careful with your expectations. However, I expect that in the next three to five years, quantum advantage looks promising in some use cases such as modeling complex systems, financial portfolio optimization, and drug development.
Q. What are the current challenges in developing quantum applications?
A. I think there is still a lot of groundwork to be done in building algorithms and circuits. A lot of the work revolves around stuffing what we want to run on quantum systems into today's constraints, not just the number of qubits, but the fidelity of the hardware. I think it starts with small-scale experiments: getting familiar with gate-based machines, getting familiar with operators, and then simultaneously expanding the knowledge base within the enterprise, democratizing access to platforms and algorithm libraries so that more contributions can be made. I think this will lead to a proof of concept where results can be measured, transmitted and value quantified.
Q. How is Wells Fargo strengthening cybersecurity resilience against new threats that could arise once quantum computers crack current encryption standards?
A. Transforming an encryption environment is a huge endeavor for any business. In my opinion, quantum cyberattacks are not a question of "if" but "when". But predicting an end date is the tricky part. In some cases, it may take a decade or more to migrate your encryption to a stronger model. But frankly, I don't think we have that long. The solution is a positive shift towards quantum resiliency, while also creating a more flexible cryptographic environment. We need to constantly update our thinking on potential threats, and this is my area of greatest concern.
2) Interview with Bhushan Bonde, Head of Innovation Development of Electronic R&D Department of German drug discovery and R&D company Evotec (former IT Head of Early Solutions Innovation Development Department of Belgian pharmaceutical multinational UCB)
Q. What was the first incentive to use quantum technology at UCB?
A. Leveraging in-house high-performance computing (HPC) capabilities costs millions of dollars. The main cost is cooling the HPC and electricity that continues to be used, so the budget is multiplying every year. Also, in 3-5 years, you also have to replace all your internal infrastructure, and quantum computing is emerging as an alternative. It may not solve all problems, but it may complement classic techniques to solve many problems.
Q. In addition to reducing hardware costs, where can pharmaceutical companies generate quantum advantages?
A. The most promising is clearly drug development. The acceleration of quantum computing can help us save 2-3 years of time, while drugs usually take 10-14 years from research and development to production. This would be a big advantage even if you eliminated certain stages with the correct calculation during this time period. Another advantage is in reducing attrition: the time it takes to determine which items to stop. Quantum computing can help the pharmaceutical industry focus its efforts on the right compounds, reducing the likelihood of late large-scale investment failures and substantial cost savings.
Over time, the biggest benefit of quantum computing will be to increase its processing power well beyond the current limits of computing power. In biology, we do a lot of experiments to determine where the flux is distributed in vivo. Here, we feed some radiolabeled material back into a cell or organ, and then determine how much comes out, to see if the body is in a steady state. I've spent three years trying to identify with a classic computer, and there's a lot of stuff like that. It will give you the wrong answer every time you run it, or maybe it's just misleading you that it doesn't hit the global minimum (the minimum of a function). It's always stuck somewhere in a local minimum (looks like the minimum in a function, but isn't actually the minimum).
With quantum computing, you can really get a solid answer.
Q. How can companies gain quantum advantage in the NISQ era without a more capable quantum computer?
A. Instead of waiting for computers with more qubits, we can solve 2D structure problems at an abstract level and do some smart algorithm development. For example, a benzene ring. There are six symmetrical carbon atoms in the benzene ring. So you don't have to solve for each bond's angle separately (the angle formed between three atoms, spanning at least two bonds). Can we solve the angle of one bond with one qubit and get the angles of six bonds? So these are the smart algorithms we're building that don't require six qubits, we can just use one qubit. We can generalize this approach to other problems in business, such as finance.
Q. How to determine the correct problem to solve using quantum computing?
A. Companies can start with the use cases they are consuming high performance computing (HPC) today. What problems are challenging on HPC? We take a question from HPC to a quantum computer, and if we can show that it's possible to have a better answer, and benchmark it, then that's what you can go further. This is where you start. Importantly, there should be an idea within the organization to promote quantum computing to finance or operations staff. They then start thinking about optimization challenges in their processes that are currently unsolvable or processes that provide sub-optimal output.
2. Quantum Secure Communication: Implementation has begun
Quantum communication refers to the use of quantum mechanics to transmit data in a provably secure way, even remotely transmitting "quantum information" (transmitting information without traversing the physical space between nodes).
More than 7.9 billion data records are compromised every year. The increasing incidence of cyber-attacks, coupled with the increasing demand for next-generation security solutions in cloud computing and IoT technologies, and stricter data privacy legislation, require secure ways to transmit information. Security is the most important feature of quantum communication. Typically, such systems involve quantum key distribution (QKD) -- an uncrackable technique that uses cryptographic "keys" to be shared between different locations. It's an uncrackable technology that uses a single photon to share a secret key between locations.
Furthermore, the current security standard is based on factoring large composite numbers, and while existing classical computers cannot break it, a sufficiently large quantum computer will be able to do it. The threat of "get it now, decrypt it later" is also on the rise for information that needs to be protected or stored for longer periods of time. According to Reena Dayal, Board Chair of the Quantum Ecosystem and Technology Council of India, "Once we have a scalability breakthrough in quantum computing, it will suddenly threaten the information security of organizations, assuming the commercialization of scalable quantum computers. It takes six months to a year after a breach. That means organizations only have so much time to quantum-defense their systems. So they need to start post-quantum security today because (ensuring their data and their networks are secure) The effort will be extensive and lengthy."
There has been ongoing debate about when and in what form quantum computers will be able to break current encryption standards and how to make information quantum-resistant. Information security can be achieved in one of two ways: (1) using quantum mechanics, i.e. quantum cryptography, in the transmission of information; (2) changing the encryption standard of current classical networks to have quantum security, which is called post-processing Quantum Cryptography (PQC).
Quantum cryptographic solutions are already being implemented, especially peer-to-peer networks for the secure exchange of data between two parties. Doing so over very long distances is a challenge; however, once successfully scaled up, quantum has the potential to become the standard for all secure communications. Quantum cryptography systems have reached the proof-of-concept (PoC) stage, demonstrating peer-to-peer connectivity and security. Likewise, work is underway to develop standards for PQC.
Due to the cost and required skills, no single organization can provide or manage every aspect of quantum communication. Therefore, building an ecosystem outside of the organization or being a part of it is critical.
Recently, a large ecosystem of players is developing: from equipment suppliers to research institutes, standard-setting bodies (NIST, ETSI, IEEE, OpenQKD, etc.), venture capital firms , as well as end users (primarily those organizations with sensitive data such as banks, defense, healthcare, public sector and cloud data center providers), organizations that create or protect intellectual property (product design in the automotive industry, molecules in the life sciences) formulations, or strategic asset locations for oil and gas), are early end users.
The quantum communication ecosystem is booming. Source: "Capgemini Research Institute Quantum Technology Survey"
Recently, several PoCs have been successfully implemented:
1) BT and Toshiba have collaborated to deploy a quantum secure network based on the QKD system. The system is deployed to generate thousands of quantum-safe encryption keys per minute over a 6-kilometer fiber-optic cable, which extends its range to 120 kilometers. This can help ensure a point-to-point communication link between the two locations.
2) Netherlands-based KPN uses QKD between Delft and The Hague for test communication from a central node in Rijswijk. The central node cannot know the secrets transmitted between the end nodes. The distance between nodes is currently 150km, but KPN is aiming to upgrade the system to 250km. For organizations, expanding the scope of the QKD link will help expand a range of use cases, including IoT, identity and remote access management, securing mobile data from remote servers, and secure messaging, among others.
3) Likewise, PQC aims to develop systems that are secure to both quantum and classical computers and that can interoperate with existing communication protocols and networks, which are developing rapidly. In October 2021, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), in partnership with NIST, released a roadmap to help businesses protect their data and systems and reduce risks associated with the development of quantum computing technologies. The new guidance from DHS will help organizations prepare for the transition to post-quantum cryptography by identifying, prioritizing and securing potentially vulnerable data, algorithms, protocols and systems.
Organizations are already using quantum technology to protect their critical infrastructure and information. The top three (out of seven categories) promising applications for quantum communication technology respondents were:
· Secure exchange of information with external parties;
· Protect critical infrastructure (IoT and cloud technologies) within the organization.
· Cloud data center security.
Other use cases include eliminating vulnerability to quantized cyberattacks, general cybersecurity, enforcing privacy by design, and secure data migration:
Security solutions provider Babcock has partnered with UK-based quantum encryption services startup Arqit to secure manned and unmanned aerial vehicles, maritime connectivity and more.
· Toshiba utilizes QKD to back up approximately 80 GB of genome analysis data from universities and hospitals to multiple sites. Genomic profiling data is directly related to individuals and therefore requires rigorous processes to prevent data breaches. In order to use it for genomic medicine, this data also needs to be backed up at multiple locations to protect the data from system failures or natural disasters. This is an improvement over the use of tapes or other media to physically transport genomic analysis data from remote storage locations.
SK Telecom has partnered with ID Quantique to trial QKD among its customers, including protecting emergency broadcast networks in nuclear power plants; protecting administrative data in public institutions; hydrogen vehicle design technology centers; cloud-based medical systems; or personal information used by autonomous robots.
Both post-quantum cryptography and quantum key distribution may become the dominant technologies to ensure information security in the post-quantum era. The study noted that both technologies have their own advantages and will require the development of robust and cost-effective security solutions. Using these two approaches at different levels (such as applications or physics), timescales, and data types could provide a secure quantum link. Businesses can now implement PQC-based solutions and then use QKD to secure the transition from classical to quantum computing.
KPN quantum advisor Victoria Lipinska said: "PQC and QKD are not opposing solutions. We can create a link that is physically protected with QKD, and then on top of that, we can have a layer that uses PQC and quantum-derived keys to ensure that Communication security at both ends. So if one thing fails, there is another thing to protect it. However, there are some specialized applications where the longevity of the data is really important, such as government, military, police, etc., consider doing your best It might really make sense to secure communications for an extended period of time. And, for that, QKD might be a good option."
Comparison of PQC and QKD. Source: "Capgemini Research Institute Quantum Technology Survey"
Businesses need to create a comprehensive roadmap for the migration of their data to address the risks of the post-quantum era. Implementing change across the organization will take years and will require a different set of security skills than the organization currently has available. Enterprise security professionals need access to the quantum communication ecosystem to understand the latest developments in encryption methods, or hardware/software vendors. Based on currently available encryption technologies, organizations need to take the following steps to protect their data:
1) First determine the key information that needs to be protected, including "static data" and "dynamic data", and grade these data according to the priority of security encryption from high to low;
2) For datasets/networks that require the highest level of security, establish QKD-based peer-to-peer connections;
3) Implement a PQC layer for all high priority data. Evaluate system and software readiness to employ additional layers of PQC for all other information. Continuously monitor the cryptographic flexibility of existing systems (the ability of an organization to rapidly change its quantum-safe cryptographic standards without rewriting applications or deploying new hardware). Embed cryptographic capabilities in the design of all future applications.
The lack of standards should not be a barrier to implementing quantum-safe solutions. As the survey shows, many organizations are waiting for further standardization of security protocols before prioritizing quantum cryptography. However, businesses now need to start thinking about transitioning their cybersecurity to quantum technology. NIST is expected to publish the PQC standard in 2024, but it also announced that it will standardize the PQC algorithm in early 2022. Likewise, as of March 2021, there are 22 published QKD standards and 20 documents under development. Based on this, organizations can start migrating their critical data sets, such as legally protected information, intellectual property-related data, etc., from classic encryption solutions to PQC algorithms.
Most organizations are waiting for standards to emerge before prioritizing quantum security. Source: Capgemini Research Institute, N=200 organizations working or planning to work on quantum technologies
The current limitations of this solution have been addressed: for the scalability issue of QKD, KPN built a measurement device independent (MDI) QKD system, which overcomes the scaling issues in typical QKD systems, multiple users Connections can be made through a central node that does not require trust, creating a star network. Given this development, organizations working with sensitive information, such as financial services, defense, etc., need to start using quantum networks to transmit and receive highly classified information.
Attached typical cases of enterprises adopting quantum communication
Interview with Andrew Lord, Senior Manager of Optical Networking and Quantum Research at BT
Q. Can you elaborate on BT's quantum communications plans?
A. We are working with Toshiba to build the world's first commercial quantum-safe subway network in London. This project will use QKD technology to provide quantum-safe network services to our customers. This will be an extension of earlier trials of the technology. The purpose of these trials is two-fold: first, to scale from point-to-point quantum links to creating a large-scale quantum network; second, to bring customers into the trial, starting with our enterprise customers, to understand what we can learn from our quantum network which services are created in .
Q. What quantum communication services have you experimented with? Which will be commercialized first?
A. The service with the greatest potential is to provide trusted, robust and secure data transmission. It will be beneficial to organizations that require very high security and consumer data privacy, such as defense, financial services, healthcare, and cloud data center providers, to name a few. On this basis, it is possible to build quantum cryptographic links, as well as quantum keys as a service. We're evaluating what our customers want: a fully encrypted link for a defined period of time, or a quantum key charged per usage. All of these services will be key to future quantum networks. In the future, we may also provide organizational connectivity and access to quantum computers in a quantum computing-as-a-service model.
Q. When do you expect the first commercial quantum-safe network service to be available in the market?
A. At this point in time, it is somewhat difficult to estimate the time to market as it depends on the success of the trial. If our clients are satisfied and we are able to develop a business case, we can bring the service to market within a year. Provided, of course, that there are no further obstacles. I am very hopeful that we can move very quickly to provide our customers with a quantum-secure network very soon, while also monetizing our fiber network assets.
Q. How do you work with senior leadership and across divisions within BT? How is BT working on the quantum initiative?
A. I started BT's quantum program about eight years ago. Over time, the team around me has grown. We now have quantum technologists: some with deep physics research experience, commercial partnership managers to liaise with our partners, including governments. Over the past few years, we've developed some very exciting intellectual property, filed patents, and published papers. Our work is well known at the top of BT and is seamlessly integrated into BT's network, customer-facing units and security.
3. Quantum sensing: with revolutionary potential
Quantum effects are already used for precise measurements (time, gravity, magnetism, and temperature) and are believed to be much more precise than traditional measurement techniques. Standard clocks and watches have an error of about one second per day, compared to one second per million years for atomic clocks based on quantum effects. Compared with quantum computing and quantum communication, quantum sensing and its applications are quite niche and more mature. Applications currently envisaged for quantum sensors are in the medical/diagnostics, defense, automotive, civil engineering, construction, oil and gas, space exploration and telecommunications sectors. In some application areas, such as medical, it is clear that technology needs to go beyond traditional possibilities. There are many different quantum sensing methods with different levels of technical readiness and application areas. For example, in 2019, a U.S. defense agency partnered with industry and academia to create a commercial, chip-scale atomic clock that is 100 times smaller in size while consuming 50 times less power than conventional atomic clocks.
Researchers are currently working on next-generation quantum sensors that will be more energy-efficient, portable and less expensive. Recently, many quantum sensors have emerged from the laboratory setting and are being used in industry. For example, air-chamber magnetometers are revolutionizing brain imaging to manage chronic neurological disorders. According to Jörg Wrachtrup, a professor at the University of Stuttgart, "This test is only available in a few European medical centers, but suddenly we are on the way to making it accessible to almost every family doctor."
The most common types of quantum sensors and their applications: atomic clocks, gravimeters, magnetometers. Source: "Capgemini Research Institute Quantum Technology Survey"
The next generation of quantum sensors will revolutionize some industries. Experts say fields such as computing and communications are revolutionary, and so is quantum sensing. With the entire quantum field gaining traction, companies are working to accelerate applications related to quantum sensing. However, in some use cases, quantum sensors can play a transformative role in accelerating the accuracy of measurements, especially in the four areas in the figure below.
Next-generation quantum sensors are enabling several cross-cutting applications. Source: Capgemini Research Institute.
"Within five years, quantum sensors will lead to breakthrough innovations in diverse fields such as transportation, energy, security, medical technology and oceans," said Dr Thierry Debuisschert, Head of Applied Quantum Physics at Thales Research and Technology.
Sivers Photonics is working with Toshiba and Thales UK to develop ranging and 3D imaging systems for driver assistance and autonomous vehicles. "This photon detector provides sub-nanosecond precision to detect individual photons from the faintest reflections. This technology enables 3D cameras to detect ranges far beyond what is currently available, improving real-life deployment safety and effectiveness, such as vehicle safety,” said Billy McLaughlin, general manager of Sivers Photonics.
The volume, energy consumption and cost of quantum sensors will decrease with the development of miniaturization. Most quantum sensors on the market have to compete fiercely with conventional sensors in terms of cost, size and availability. Organizations that might benefit from quantum sensors but are currently discouraged by their large size or cost constraints should focus on this area.
Within a decade, many widely used sensors are expected to be miniaturized and have better functionality. For example, Bosch has been working on the miniaturization of quantum sensors for neurological diagnostics. Currently, superconducting magnetometers, which must be cooled to minus 269 degrees Celsius, are used for diagnostics. Such scanners are bulky but crowded for patients and expensive, so they are rarely seen in hospitals. Bosch has developed an instrument only slightly larger than a laptop and is expected to further miniaturize it, developing a sensor that works at room temperature at a fraction of the price of existing devices.
At the same time, organizations investing in early-stage quantum sensors need to develop a clear and comprehensive business case. For example, in order to reduce gas leaks, traditional oil and gas companies need to consider financial benefits, as well as non-financial metrics such as reducing the probability of accidents and improving overall sustainability. Other key monitorable factors include nanofabrication technology, which helps build microsensors at scale; and cryogenic technology, which needs to evolve to make cooling cheaper and more energy efficient.
Attached typical cases of enterprises using quantum sensors
Interview with Nadia Haider, Chief Scientist of Applied Electromagnetics in Qutech
Q. What is the state of quantum sensor technology today?
A. Unlike quantum computing and quantum internet, quantum sensors are already a mature technology. The first generation of quantum sensors is already commercially available. An interesting example of this is the SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device). They can act as truly sensitive magnetic field sensors for mining minerals, detecting mines, submarines, and more. Likewise, atomic clocks have a high level of technical readiness. But we are now pushing the second generation of quantum sensors, where we use truly exotic quantum properties, such as entanglement and superposition, to go beyond the standard quantum limit. The challenge is twofold. One is a technological breakthrough to demonstrate the usefulness of quantum sensing, and the other is to find suitable applications for them. Enterprise adoption has to be driven by applications and technology; we need to find a match there.
Q. Which real-world applications of quantum sensing have the greatest potential?
A. High potential applications include military, medical microscopy and navigation, but there are nuances. Taking navigation as an example, you need different quantum sensors for different navigation platforms, depending on whether the platform is large or small. Aircraft need very different quantum sensors for navigation than sensors that help drones navigate. It also depends on what the timeline for this technological development is. Some second-generation quantum sensors are already very close to becoming commercial products. Then others may be 10-20 years ahead.
Q. How can a developing ecosystem accelerate the adoption of quantum sensors?
A. I think the development of the ecosystem is the key. That's why we've been building these test facilities for quantum sensors. Our aim is to foster an ecosystem where universities, research institutes, spin-off companies and end users can come together to explore how we can use quantum sensors. Without a healthy ecosystem, it is almost impossible to promote a technology.
04.How can organizations prepare for quantum advantage?
The experience of reporting research and working with quantum technology pioneers leads us to believe that now is the right time to prepare for quantum advantage: the ability to drive performance significantly higher than what can be achieved with current state-of-the-art technologies.
Quantum technology is in its infancy; however, that does not rule out breakthroughs and a sudden acceleration in the pace of development. Breakthroughs are inherently unpredictable, and organizations preparing for a quantum future will be in a better position than those that are not.
The diagram below shows how to prepare your organization to take advantage of quantum advantages with the right business environment and technological maturity in place.
How to prepare your organization to take advantage of quantum advantage? Source: Capgemini Research Institute
Organizations may find it difficult to assess their current state and reasonable next steps as they begin their quantum readiness journey.
First, it's important to assess whether it makes sense for your business to invest in quantum technology. Becoming a quantum-ready business will be a long journey, and taking a structured approach will help. Quantum technologies will likely coexist with classical technologies currently in use, so it is prudent to prepare organizations to work with hybrid computing approaches, for example, by having quantum computers work in tandem with classical computers, rather than replacing them entirely.
1. Identify specific business problems where quantum technology can play a role
In the initial stages of identifying the problems and use cases to be solved using quantum technologies, Ford Research and Advanced Engineering's Joydip Ghosh advises that companies must find between top-down (business-pull) and bottom-up (technology-push) approaches a balance. "In a top-down approach, you should start with some of the biggest challenges or opportunities that senior management wants you to solve, and then make a short list of where quantum computing can play a role; in a bottom-up approach, you Look at the various quantum technologies and see where the potential exists to solve a specific industry problem. Talk to relevant stakeholders and choose the right field. In the end, you have to strike a balance between the two approaches.”
1) For quantum computing. Careful evaluation is required before beginning to fully explore use cases in this area. As detailed earlier, quantum computing has advantages for some very specific classes of problems. It's prudent to explore use cases: only if those issues pose your structural business challenge. Each sector has specific use cases, and deploying quantum computing has shown some initial positive signs.
2) For quantum communication and security. Organizations must assume that quantum attack is a question of "when", not "if". As we saw earlier, there are ways to achieve quantum security guarantees even today. However, the current state of enterprise cybersecurity involving dozens of encryption standards spread across multiple systems will require a massive upgrade effort spanning multiple years. Therefore, it is prudent to start using quantum-safe technologies as soon as possible.
3) For quantum sensing. Second-generation quantum sensors hold great potential for organizations in mining, construction, aerospace and defense, manufacturing, and healthcare. There are several fundamental opportunities to sense what is impossible with traditional sensors. Tracking down areas where past sensing methods have not been able to address critical issues due to insufficient accuracy or resolution. Keep up with the latest developments in quantum sensors and find out when a quantum sensor can match your specific sensor application in terms of cost, power consumption or size; keep in touch with quantum sensor suppliers for fast access to best-in-class sensors.
What is the journey to become a quantum-ready enterprise? While quantum technology has some way to go before it can deliver its full potential and benefits at a commercial scale, businesses can start preparing today and put themselves at the forefront of leveraging this advantage once quantum technology is ready. Source: Capgemini Research Institute
2. Build a team of quantum experts
Organizations can initiate use-case evaluation and algorithm development with a small team with multidisciplinary experience in quantum technologies, business analysis, and building partnerships. Ideally, this team must be centrally organized, with a Principal Investigator reporting to the organization's R&D or Innovation Director. When the commercial application of AI was in its early stages, our research found that companies with a core AI team saw an 18% increase in customer satisfaction and lower operating costs; whereas without such a core team, it only improved by 12% %. The team can include quantum physicists, computer scientists, mathematicians, and other domain experts (eg, microbiologists in life sciences or quantitative finance experts in banks).
A key role in the core quantum technology team. Source: Capgemini Research Institute
The core quantum team should play a leading role in infusing quantum technology within the organization and collaborate with the external ecosystem. Some of the key actions the team can take in the first few months of its existence are:
1) Build awareness and explain the basics in an easy-to-understand way;
2) Working with business teams to conceive of the most impactful problems that quantum technology can solve;
3) Conduct an impact study to determine how quantum will affect your field, where your competitors are, and how you can gain an edge;
4) Prioritize key use cases or initiatives and identify target operating models.
3. Establish long-term partnerships with technology suppliers in the quantum ecosystem to overcome technical barriers
As research into overcoming the limitations of quantum computing continues to deepen, big companies are not to be outdone, increasing external collaboration on experiments. As Wells Fargo told us: “We officially announced our partnership with IBM in 2019. Get updates on how the hardware is going, and what their technology roadmap is, and fine-tune our strategy around it.”
No single enterprise can provide or manage every aspect of quantum exploration because of cost, complexity, skills and knowledge. Therefore, it is necessary to find experts outside the organization who can help, and establishing or being part of an ecosystem is critical to success.
Explore the most common ways to collaborate on quantum technologies. Source: Capgemini Research Institute
The quantum ecosystem consists of a number of technology providers who can help in specific areas:
1) Hardware. Quantum computers and infrastructure are often accessed through the cloud (such as IBM and Google) and sensors
2) Software. Quantum algorithm development application and software platform
3) Startups. Addressing niche issues in quantum technology
4) Consultants and service providers. Access to technology and technical and operational support from strategy to implementation
5) Research institutions and academia. Technical institutes (eg Fraunhofer) and universities (Cambridge University, MIT), providing cutting-edge research in theory and practice. Like other deep technologies, quantum is largely rooted in scientific breakthroughs, so there is an inherent need to collaborate with academia
6) Standards bodies. Focus on the output of technical institutions such as NIST in the United States and ETSI, IEEE and OpenQKD in Europe, etc.
7) Industry associations or alliances. Bringing together players from various ecosystems to stimulate innovation, such as the European Quantum Industry Consortium (QuIC) and the US Quantum Economy Development Consortium (QED-C). QuIC has approximately 150 members and associate members from small, medium and large organizations, research institutes and venture capital firms. Some of the methods used by early movers to reach usable outputs.
8) Use hybrid computing. Divide the problem into parts and use a quantum computer to solve the computationally expensive part. Then, applying traditional calculations yields a more satisfying answer than using classical methods. This principle gives rise to iterative classical algorithms for solving problems, where a rough guess for the solution is the input and a slightly improved approximation is the output. This output is then used as a guess for the next iteration, and as each cycle progresses, the output gets closer and closer to the true solution. This approach can be divided into classical and quantum algorithms, the optimization step is performed by a quantum processor, and the classical control unit updates the parameters in the quantum circuit in an attempt to approach the optimum in each iteration
9) Use a digital annealer. The digital annealer is a "quantum-inspired" digital technology architecture that enables precise, parallel, real-time optimized computations at speeds and scales beyond the reach of traditional classical computers
10) Develop confidence verification methods for quantum output using verification methods. Building confidence in quantum output is important, especially for problems that cannot be solved classically. This includes testing the consistency of the solution multiple times by using a quantum computer; for the current problem, the classical output can be used to verify the quantum output.
4. Develop a long-term strategy to expand the talent and skills base
Quantum technologies will always be complex and require multidisciplinary teams to develop successful products and services. While quantum physicists will remain important members of the team, engineers and developers with backgrounds in optics, electronics, software, networking, design, mathematics, data science, and more will also develop complete systems. As problems of greater scope and scale begin to be implemented on quantum computers, the size of the teams developing quantum algorithms and taking care of their implementation will need to grow in tandem. This creates a greater need for quantum talent, and having a proactive strategy to navigate this phase will help. One way to manage the need for expertise is that today's quantum hardware vendors are creating layers of abstraction on top of their hardware as infrastructure for easy-to-use interfaces, so users don't need to be physicists to start doing meaningful work in the field work. From a human perspective, organizations must also consider:
1) Uplift some of the workforce working on data and AI projects with quantum skills, as these two fields have a lot of overlap in necessary skills, for example, data management and preparation, and algorithm and model development, etc.;
2) Re-enable users of data and AI applications to work with quantum applications once a working proof of concept is available. Some users and developers of a technology may have concerns about the transition to quantum applications, and they need to be assured that early quantum applications will have the potential to allow quantum technology to work in a "hybrid" environment with existing solutions.
05.Conclusion
Although quantum technology has been around for decades, the technology is still in its infancy in terms of commercial applications; much like the internet in the 1980s and computers shortly after the invention of the transistor. That's not to say mass adoption is still decades away. Because recent breakthroughs in quantum technology try to herald a new era of computing and the Internet that began as early as this decade itself. High-speed computing, innovative materials and drugs, and ultra-secure communications are closer than ever to reality.
Each quantum technology has specific applications and has the potential to bring about a paradigm shift once pervasive hardware and software challenges are overcome. It's now just a question of "when" rather than "if". And leading companies are already organizing teams to harness the power of this transformative technology.
If your industry can be impacted by quantum technology, waiting for the technology to mature is not advisable. It is important to start discovering now to start discovering use cases now to explore potential quantum solutions. Form partnerships and assess how to bridge skills gaps.
Link:
https://www.capgemini.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Final-Web-Version-Quantum-Technologies.pdf
